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Synopsis:

This practical reference provides information required to understand and properly estimate compressor capabilities, and select proper designs. It gives engineers and students an understanding of compression principles, equipment, applications, selection, sizing, installation and maintenance. This edition is updated with API (application programming interface) standards and current technology in the areas of efficiency, 3-D geometry, changes in electronics and the use of plant computers. The chapter on purchasing compressors is revised to reflect current industry practices in writing detailed specifications, bid evaluations, engineering reviews and installations. A new chapter compares the reliability of various types of compressors.

Table of Contents:

Mechanical Design Casings. Stators. Casing
Connections. Rotor. Shaft. Blading.
Bearings. Balance Piston. Seals. Capacity
Control. Maintenance.
References
7. Drivers
Introduction
Electric Motors Voltage. Enclosures.
Totally Enclosed Motors. Division
Enclosures. Inert Gas-Filled. Insulation.
Service Factor. Synchronous Motors.
Brushless Excitation. Motor Equations.
Compressor and Motor Selecting Compressor
Motors. Starting Characteristics. Starting Time. Enclosure Selection. Enclosure
Applications.
Variable Frequency Drives Motor.
Steam Turbines Steam Temperature. Speed. Operation Principles. Steam Turbine Rating.
Gas Engines
Gas Turbines Gas Turbine Types. Gas Turbine Economics. Sizing Application.
Expansion Turbines Types. Operation
Limits. Power Recovery. Refrigeration.
Condensation. Expander Applications.
References
8. Accessories
Introduction
Lubrication Systems Reservoir. Pumps and
Drivers. Relief Valves. Pressure Control
Valves. Startup Control. Check Valves.
Coolers. Filters. Transfer Valves. Accumulators. Seal Oil Overhead Tank. Seal
Oil Drainers. Degassing Drum. Piping.
System Review. Testing of Lubrication
Systems. Commissioning of Lube Oil Systems.
Dry Gas Seal Systems System Design
Considerations. Dry Gas Seal System
Control. Dry Gas Seal System Filters.
Gears Gear Design and Application. Rotors and Shafts. Bearings and Seals. Housing.
Lubrication.
Couplings Introduction. Ratings. Spacers.
Hubs. Gear Couplings. Alignment. Flexible
Element Couplings. Limited End-Float
Couplings.
Instrumentation Overview. Pressure.
Temperature. Flow. Torque. Speed. Rod Drop
Monitor. Molecular Weight.
Vibration Vibration Sensors. Seismic Sensors. Proximity Sensors. Axial Shaft
Motion. Radial Shaft Vibration.
Control Analysis of the Controlled System.
Pressure Control at Variable Speed. Volume
Control at Variable Speed. Weight Flow
Control with Variable Stator Vanes.
Pressure Control at Constant Speed. Volume
Control at Constant Speed. Weight Flow
Control at Constant Speed. Anti-Surge
Control.
References
9. Dynamics
Introduction
Balance Basidcs. Unbalance.
Balance Methods Shop Balance Machine. High Speed Balancing. Field Balancing.
Reciprocating Shaking Forces
Rotary Shaking Forces
Rotor Dynamics Damped Unbalance Response.
Torsionals. Torsional Damping and Resilient
Coupling.
References
10. Testing
Introduction Objectives. Hydrostatic Test.
Impeller Overspeed Test.
Operational Tests General. Mechanical Running Test.
Objectives of Centrifugal Compressor
Mechanical Tests Rotor Dynamics
Verification. String Testing. Stability.
Helical-Lobe Compressor Test. Reciprocating
Compressor Test. Spare Rotor Test. Static
Gas Test. Testing of Lubrication Systems.
Shop Performance Test. Test Codes. Loop Testing. Gas Purity. Sidestream
Compressors. Instrumentation. Test
Correlation. Reynolds Number. Abnormalities
in Testing. Field Testing. Planning. Flow
Meters. Gas Composition. Location. Power
Measurement. Speed Conducting the Test.
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Overview
Introduction
Compression Methods
Intermittent Cycle Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors. Rotary
Compressors.
Continuous Compression Compressors
Ejectors. Dynamic Compressors.
2. Basic Relationships
Introduction
Gas and Vapor Perfect Gas Equation.
Compressibility Generalized
Compressibility Charts.
Partial Pressure
Gas Mixtures Specific Heat Ratio.
Molecular Weight.
Specific Gravity
Mixture Compressibility
Humidity
Flow
Acoustic Velocity
Equations of State Mollier Charts. First
Law of Thermodynamics. Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Theoretical Work Real Gas Exponent. Power.
Velocity Head.
Intercooling Isothermal Compression.
References
3. Reciprocating Compressors
Description Classification. Arrangement.
Drive Methods.
Performance Compression Cycle. Cylinder
Displacement. Volumetric Efficiency. Piston
Speed. Discharge Temperature. Power. Valve
Loss. Application Notes.
Mechanics Cylinders. Pistons and Rods.
Valves. Distance Piece. Rod Packing.
Crankshaft and Bearings. Frame Lubrication.
Cylinder and Packing Lubrication. Cooling.
Capacity Control. Pulsation Control
References
4. Rotary Compressors
Common Features Arrangements and Drivers.
Helical Lobe History. Operating
Principles. Displacement. Dry Compressors.
Flooded Compressors. Flooding Fluid.
Application Notes--Dry Compressors.
Application Notes--Flooded Compressors.
Casings. Rotors. Bearings and Seals. Timing
Gears. Capacity Control.
Straight Lobe Compression Cycle. Sizing.
Applications. Mechanical Construction.
Sliding Vane Compression Cycle. Sizing.
Application Notes. Mechanical Construction.
Liquid Piston Operation. Performance.
Mechanical Construction.
References
5. Centrifugal Compressors
Introduction Classification. Arrangement.
Drive Methods.
Performance Compression Cycle. Vector Triangles. Slip. Reaction. Sizing. Fan
Laws. Curve Shape. Surge. Choke. Application Notes.
Mechanical Design Introduction. Casings.
Diaphragms. Casing Connections. Impellers. Shafts. Radial Bearings. Thrust Bearings.
Bearing Housings. Magnetic Bearings.
Balance Piston. Interstage Seals. Shaft End Seals.
Shaft End Seals Restrictive Seals. Liquid
Buffered Seals. Dry Gas Seals. Capacity
Control. Maintenance.
References
6. Axial Compressors
Historical Background
Description
Performance Blades. Compression Cycle.
Reaction. Stagger. Curve Shape. Surge. Sizing. Application Notes.
References
11. Negotiation and Purchasing
Introduction Procurement Steps. Supplier Partnerships.
Preliminary Sizing
Specifications Basic Data. Operations.
Writing the Specification Specification
Outline. General. Basic Design. Materials. Bearings. Shaft End Seals. Accessories.
Lube and Seal System. Drivers. Gear Units.
Couplings. Mounting Plates. Controls and
Instrumentation. Inspection and Testing.
Vendor Data. Guarantee and Warranty.
Bid and Quotation
Bid Evaluation
Pre-Award Meeting
Purchase Specification
Award Contract
Coordination Meeting
Engineering Reviews
Inspections
Tests
Shipment
Site Arrival
Installation and Startup Commissioning the
Compressor. Commissioning the Lube Oil System.
Successful Operation
References
12. Reliability Issues
General Overview. Robust Design.
The Installation Foundations. Suction
Drums. Check Valves. Piping.
Compressors Type Comparison. Reciprocating
Compressors. Positive Displacement Rotary
Compressors. Centrifugal Compressors. Axial
Compressors.
Drivers Turbines. Motors. Gears. Expanders.
Applications Process. Experience.
Operations General Comments. Gas
Considerations. Operating Envelope.
System Components Lubrication. Couplings.
Quality Methodology. Manufacturing Tolerances.
Summary
References
Appendix A--Conversion Factors
Appendix B--Pressure-Enthalpy and
Compressibility Charts
Appendix C--Physical Constants of Hydrocarbons
Appendix D--Labyrinth and Carbon Ring Seal
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